1. India’s Water Crisis: Beyond Resource Scarcity

Why in News?

Recent contamination-related deaths in Chhainsa (Haryana) and Indore have highlighted a disturbing reality: India’s water crisis is not merely about lack of water, but about systemic failures in governance, infrastructure, and public health management.

Conceptual Understanding of the Crisis

• India’s water crisis is often framed as a problem of scarcity, but in reality, it is largely a crisis of mismanagement. The prevailing model of water governance is linear and supply-centric, emphasizing extraction, storage, and distribution through dams, canals, and pipelines.
• This approach overlooks the cyclical nature of water, which includes recharge, reuse, wastewater treatment, and ecological sustainability. As a result, even cities with extensive water infrastructure face contamination, inequity, and inefficiency.
• Thus, the crisis reflects a deeper structural issue where water is treated as an engineered commodity rather than a living ecological system embedded in local hydrological cycles.

Structural Constraints: Data and Ground Realities

• India’s natural water endowment is limited relative to its population. With only about 4% of global freshwater resources supporting nearly 17% of the world’s population, pressure on water systems is inevitable.
• Groundwater forms the backbone of India’s water economy. The country is the largest extractor of groundwater globally, and a majority of rural households depend almost entirely on it for drinking and irrigation.
• Urban areas, despite heavy investments, suffer from inequitable distribution. In several parts of Delhi, per capita supply remains significantly below prescribed norms.
• A major inefficiency lies in the phenomenon of non-revenue water, where more than half of supplied water in many cities is lost due to leakages, theft, and lack of metering. This indicates that improving efficiency could significantly enhance availability without increasing supply.
• Further, public investment shows imbalance. A disproportionate share of funds is directed toward supply infrastructure, while minimal attention is given to restoring natural water bodies, which are essential for long-term sustainability.

Why the Crisis is Not Just About Scarcity?

• The recurring outbreaks of waterborne diseases reveal that contamination, rather than shortage, is often the immediate cause of crisis.
• A critical issue is the deteriorating condition of urban infrastructure. Ageing pipelines frequently run parallel to sewer lines.
• When pressure drops occur, contaminated sewage infiltrates drinking water, leading to severe health hazards.
• In addition, most urban utilities lack updated, digitized maps of their distribution networks. This absence of data prevents effective monitoring, leak detection, and timely maintenance.
• Institutional fragmentation further aggravates the problem. Water supply, sewage management, drainage, and urban planning are handled by different agencies with limited coordination.
• This silo-based governance leads to accountability gaps and inefficiencies.
• Equally important is the neglect of traditional water systems. Rapid urbanization has resulted in the encroachment of lakes, ponds, and wetlands, which historically acted as natural recharge zones.
• Their disappearance has reduced resilience and increased dependence on distant sources.

Demand-Side Pressures and Mismanagement

• The crisis is intensified by inefficient demand management. Rapid urban expansion has led to widespread concretization, reducing natural groundwater recharge and increasing runoff.
• Cities continue to follow a “use and discard” model, where wastewater is discharged without adequate treatment or reuse. This not only wastes a valuable resource but also pollutes existing water bodies.
• Overdependence on external sources is another structural issue. Cities like Delhi rely heavily on distant river systems, ignoring the potential of local rainwater harvesting and decentralized water management.
• Agricultural practices also contribute to inefficiency. The use of polluted canals for irrigation and excessive groundwater extraction highlight the lack of integrated water planning.
• Moreover, the shift from community-based water management to centralized institutional systems has reduced local participation, weakening accountability and conservation efforts.

Policy Measures and Government Initiatives

• The government has introduced several programmes to address water challenges. Initiatives such as the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) 2.0 aim to improve water supply and sanitation infrastructure.
• The Jal Jeevan Mission seeks to provide functional tap connections to households, while the Atal Bhujal Yojana focuses on sustainable groundwater management through community participation.
• Rainwater harvesting has been mandated in several states, reflecting a shift toward conservation.
• However, the continued emphasis on supply-side expansion over ecosystem restoration indicates that structural issues remain inadequately addressed.

Towards Sustainable Water Governance

• Addressing the crisis requires a fundamental shift in approach. Water-sensitive urban design must be adopted to integrate hydrology, ecology, and urban planning into a unified framework.
• A transition to a circular water economy is essential, where wastewater is treated and reused for non-potable purposes such as irrigation and industrial cooling.
• Restoration of natural water bodies must become a priority. Lakes, wetlands, and floodplains should be protected as ecological infrastructure rather than viewed as land for urban expansion.
• Technological interventions such as digital monitoring systems can improve efficiency by enabling real-time tracking of water flows and losses.
• Most importantly, community participation must be revived. Empowering local stakeholders to manage water resources can enhance accountability and ensure sustainable usage.

Conclusion

India’s water crisis is fundamentally a crisis of governance, infrastructure, and institutional design rather than a simple shortage of resources. The persistence of contamination and inequity demonstrates that increasing supply alone cannot solve the problem.

A sustainable solution lies in reimagining water management as an integrated, ecosystem-based system that prioritizes efficiency, reuse, and community participation. Only through such a transformation can India ensure long-term water security and protect public health.

Prelims MCQ

Q. With reference to India’s water crisis, consider the following statements:

1. India has around 4% of global freshwater resources but supports about 17% of the world’s population.
2. Non-revenue water refers to water lost due to leakages, theft, or lack of metering.
3. Government expenditure on water management is primarily focused on restoration of natural water bodies.

Select the correct answer:(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a)

Mains Question (GS-1 / GS-3)

Q.“India’s water crisis is more a governance and management failure than a problem of absolute scarcity.”

Discuss with suitable examples and suggest measures for sustainable water management.

2.Implications of Increasing the Size of the Lok Sabha

Why in News?

The Union Government has introduced the Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill, 2026 along with a Delimitation Bill proposing to increase the strength of the Lok Sabha from around 550 to 850 members. The move is linked to population-based redistribution of seats and the implementation of women’s reservation.

Background: Present Structure of the Lok Sabha

• The present composition of the Lok Sabha reflects historical compromises within India’s federal framework. Under Article 81 of the Indian Constitution, the maximum strength of the House is capped at 550 elected members.
• However, the actual strength has remained fixed at 543 elected members for several decades due to a deliberate political decision.
• Following the 1971 Census, the allocation of seats among states was frozen to ensure that states implementing population control measures were not penalized by losing representation.
• This freeze was extended through constitutional amendments, most notably the 84th Amendment (2001), which postponed fresh seat reallocation until after the first Census conducted post-2026.
• While constituency boundaries were readjusted in the 2002–2008 delimitation exercise, the number of seats allocated to each state remained unchanged.
• As a result, significant disparities have emerged in the number of voters represented by each Member of Parliament across states, raising concerns about the principle of equal representation.

Nature of the Proposed Reform

• The proposed amendment seeks to fundamentally restructure parliamentary representation in India.
• It aims to increase the Lok Sabha’s strength to 850 members, thereby reducing the population-to-representative ratio and aligning representation more closely with demographic realities.
• The reform also enables the use of a more recent Census (likely 2011) for delimitation, rather than waiting for post-2026 Census data.
• This effectively accelerates the process of redrawing constituencies and reallocating seats among states.
• A critical feature of the reform is its linkage with women’s reservation. The one-third reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies is to be implemented only after delimitation is completed, making the expansion of seats a necessary precondition for gender representation reforms.

Implications for Federal Balance

• One of the most significant consequences of increasing Lok Sabha seats lies in its impact on India’s federal structure.
• Population-based redistribution will result in northern states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan gaining a larger share of seats due to higher population growth rates.
• In contrast, southern states like Tamil Nadu and Kerala, which have successfully implemented population control measures, may see a relative decline in their representation.
• This creates a structural tension between the principle of “one person, one vote” and the need to preserve regional balance within the Union.
• If not carefully managed, it could deepen the perceived North-South divide and raise concerns about equitable political influence.

Impact on Parliamentary Functioning

• An increase in the size of the Lok Sabha will have direct consequences for legislative functioning.
• With a larger number of Members of Parliament and limited sitting days (currently fewer than 70 days annually), the opportunity for individual MPs to participate in debates, raise questions, or introduce issues will diminish. This could weaken deliberative democracy and reduce the effectiveness of parliamentary oversight.
• At the same time, logistical challenges such as seating capacity, coordination, and management of proceedings will become more complex, requiring institutional adaptation.

Executive Expansion and Governance Concerns

• Under the constitutional provision that limits the size of the Council of Ministers to 15% of the Lok Sabha, an increase in House strength will automatically allow for a larger executive.
• This could lead to the expansion of the Council of Ministers beyond current levels, raising concerns about efficiency, fiscal burden, and the possibility of patronage-based appointments.
• A larger executive may dilute accountability and complicate governance structures.

Changing Role of the Rajya Sabha

• The expansion of the Lok Sabha without a corresponding increase in the size of the Rajya Sabha could alter the balance between the two Houses.
• In mechanisms such as joint sittings and Presidential elections, the relative numerical dominance of the Lok Sabha would increase significantly.
• This may weaken the role of the Rajya Sabha as a federal chamber representing states, thereby affecting the bicameral balance envisaged in the Constitution.

Implications for State Legislatures

• If similar principles of delimitation are applied at the state level, legislative assemblies in populous states could expand dramatically.
• This may create challenges in managing debates, ensuring effective participation, and maintaining legislative discipline. Larger assemblies may also require significant infrastructural and procedural reforms to function efficiently.

Broader Democratic Implications

• On the positive side, increasing the number of seats can enhance representational equity by reducing the population burden per MP. It can bring elected representatives closer to citizens and improve responsiveness.
• It also facilitates the implementation of women’s reservation, which has long been pending and is essential for inclusive governance.
• However, without complementary reforms in parliamentary procedures, committee systems, and institutional capacity, the benefits of increased representation may not fully materialize.

Way Forward

• A reform of this magnitude requires careful deliberation and consensus-building. Public consultation and engagement with states are essential to address concerns related to federal balance.
• Strengthening parliamentary committees can compensate for reduced floor participation by allowing detailed scrutiny of legislation. Increasing the number of sitting days of Parliament is equally important to ensure meaningful debate.
• There is also a strong argument for delinking women’s reservation from delimitation to avoid unnecessary delays in gender representation.
• Finally, reforms must ensure that representation, efficiency, and federal equity are balanced, rather than privileging one dimension at the cost of others.

Conclusion

The proposed expansion of the Lok Sabha represents a transformative moment in India’s constitutional and political evolution. While it seeks to correct representational imbalances and enable long-pending reforms like women’s reservation, it also raises complex questions about federalism, institutional capacity, and democratic functioning.

The success of this reform will depend on whether it is implemented through a consultative and balanced approach that strengthens both representation and governance.

Prelims MCQ

Q. With reference to the proposed increase in the size of the Lok Sabha, consider the following statements:

1. The number of Lok Sabha seats has been frozen based on the 1971 Census.
2. Increasing the size of the Lok Sabha will automatically allow expansion of the Council of Ministers.
3. The Rajya Sabha’s strength will also increase proportionately with the Lok Sabha.

Select the correct answer:(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a)

Mains Question (GS-2 Polity)

Q.“The proposed expansion of the Lok Sabha raises fundamental questions about representation, federalism, and parliamentary efficiency.”

Discuss the implications of increasing the size of the Lok Sabha in India.

3.First BRICS Health Working Group Meeting 2026

Why in News?

India hosted the First BRICS Health Working Group (HWG) Meeting 2026 in New Delhi under its BRICS presidency, focusing on strengthening global health cooperation, pandemic preparedness, and equitable access to healthcare technologies.

Institutional Context and Concept

• The BRICS Health Working Group operates as a specialized platform within the broader BRICS framework, bringing together senior health officials, policymakers, and technical experts from member countries.
• It functions as a mechanism for policy coordination, regulatory alignment, and exchange of best practices in public health governance. Over time, the group has evolved into a critical forum for addressing transnational health challenges such as pandemics, non-communicable diseases, and health system resilience.
• India’s hosting of the 2026 meeting reflects its growing role in global health diplomacy and its emphasis on a people-centric, inclusive approach to international cooperation.

Theme and Strategic Orientation

• The meeting was guided by the theme “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability,” which captures the shift in global health discourse from reactive responses to proactive system-building.
• The emphasis on resilience highlights the need to strengthen health systems against future shocks, while innovation points to the growing role of digital technologies, biotechnology, and research collaboration.
• Cooperation and sustainability underscore the importance of equitable partnerships and long-term capacity building, particularly in the Global South.

Objectives of the Meeting

• The primary objective of the Health Working Group is to deepen collaboration among BRICS countries in addressing shared public health challenges.
• It seeks to promote universal health coverage by leveraging collective expertise and ensuring that healthcare systems are inclusive, accessible, and affordable.
• Another key objective is to strengthen global health security by improving preparedness for pandemics and other health emergencies through coordinated strategies and shared infrastructure.
• The meeting also aims to facilitate innovation in health technologies, including digital health systems and pharmaceutical production, to ensure that emerging solutions are scalable and accessible to all member countries.

Key Areas of Cooperation

• The meeting identified a broad set of priority areas that reflect both continuity and innovation in BRICS health cooperation.
• India introduced new focus areas such as the promotion of healthy lifestyles, which addresses rising risk factors like sedentary behavior, unhealthy diets, and substance abuse. This signals a shift toward preventive healthcare.
• Mental health and wellness emerged as another major priority, emphasizing the need to integrate mental health services into mainstream public health systems and reduce associated stigma.
• At the same time, ongoing initiatives such as the BRICS TB Research Network continue to focus on eliminating communicable diseases through collaborative research and knowledge sharing.
• The group also highlighted the importance of traditional and complementary medicine systems, recognizing their role in holistic healthcare and their linkage with biodiversity.
• Digital health architecture was emphasized as a key enabler of healthcare delivery, particularly in remote and underserved regions, through telemedicine and integrated data systems.
• Regulatory cooperation among member countries was discussed to ensure faster approval and equitable distribution of medicines and vaccines.
• The development of integrated early warning systems for infectious diseases was identified as a crucial step toward preventing future pandemics.
• Additionally, strengthening networks of public health institutions and addressing social determinants of health were recognized as essential for achieving long-term health outcomes.

Significance in Global Health Governance

• The BRICS Health Working Group plays an increasingly important role in shaping global health governance by providing an alternative platform to traditional Western-dominated institutions.
• By promoting local production of medicines and vaccines, it seeks to reduce dependence on a few global suppliers and ensure equitable access for developing countries.
• The focus on early warning systems and coordinated responses enhances global preparedness against pandemics, addressing gaps exposed during COVID-19.
• India’s leadership in this forum reinforces its position as a key player in global health diplomacy, particularly through its experience in large-scale public health programmes and vaccine distribution.

Challenges and Limitations

• Despite its potential, the effectiveness of BRICS health cooperation is constrained by differences in healthcare systems, regulatory frameworks, and levels of economic development among member countries.
• Coordination challenges may arise due to varying national priorities and institutional capacities.
• There is also a need to ensure that commitments made at the multilateral level are translated into concrete actions at the domestic level.
• Additionally, resource constraints and geopolitical differences can limit the depth of collaboration.

Way Forward

• Strengthening institutional mechanisms within the BRICS framework is essential to ensure continuity and effective implementation of initiatives.
• Developing standardized regulatory frameworks can facilitate smoother cooperation in pharmaceuticals and medical devices.
• Expanding digital health collaboration and data-sharing platforms can enhance efficiency and accessibility of healthcare services.
• Greater emphasis on capacity building in less developed member countries will ensure that the benefits of cooperation are equitably distributed.
• Finally, integrating health cooperation with broader development agendas can create synergies and improve overall outcomes.

Conclusion

The First BRICS Health Working Group Meeting 2026 reflects an evolving approach to global health that prioritizes resilience, equity, and innovation. By focusing on both preventive and curative aspects of healthcare, and by promoting collaboration among emerging economies, the initiative has the potential to reshape global health governance.

Its success, however, will depend on sustained cooperation, effective implementation, and the ability to translate shared commitments into tangible outcomes for populations across member countries.

Prelims MCQ

Q. With reference to the BRICS Health Working Group (HWG), consider the following statements:

1. It is a platform for cooperation among BRICS countries on public health issues.
2. It focuses only on communicable diseases like tuberculosis.
3. It promotes collaboration in areas such as digital health and regulatory frameworks.

Select the correct answer:(a) 1 and 3 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 2 only(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a)

Mains Question (GS-2 International Relations)

Q.“Emerging multilateral groupings like BRICS are increasingly shaping global health governance.”

Discuss with reference to the BRICS Health Working Group.

4.Scarborough Shoal

Why in News?

Satellite imagery (April 2026) indicates that China has deployed floating barriers and vessels to block access to Scarborough Shoal, intensifying tensions in the South China Sea.

Geographic and Physical Features

• Scarborough Shoal, also known as Bajo de Masinloc (Philippines) and Huangyan Island (China), is a triangular coral atoll composed of reefs and rocks enclosing a central lagoon.
• It is not a fully formed island but a high-tide elevation, meaning it remains above water even at high tide but lacks the characteristics of a permanent landmass.
• Geographically, it lies in the eastern part of the South China Sea, about 120 nautical miles west of Luzon in the Philippines and far closer to the Philippine mainland than to China. It is formed on an underwater volcanic structure, giving it both ecological and strategic importance.
• The lagoon serves as a rich fishing ground, historically used by Filipino fishermen, and is located near major international sea lanes, enhancing its geopolitical relevance.

Legal and Geopolitical Context

• The dispute over Scarborough Shoal is rooted in overlapping territorial claims and interpretations of international maritime law, particularly under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
• The Philippines claims the shoal as part of its 200-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), based on proximity and UNCLOS provisions. China, on the other hand, asserts sovereignty based on historical claims represented through its controversial Nine-Dash Line. Taiwan maintains a similar claim.
• A major legal turning point came with the South China Sea Arbitration 2016, where the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of the Philippines.
• The tribunal rejected China’s expansive historical claims and clarified that Scarborough Shoal is a traditional fishing ground open to multiple nations. However, China rejected the ruling and continues to exercise effective control over the area.

Strategic Significance

• Scarborough Shoal holds immense strategic importance in the broader South China Sea dispute.
• Its proximity to the Philippines makes it a critical security concern for Manila, as control over the shoal allows monitoring of maritime activity close to its coastline.
• For China, the shoal represents an extension of its strategic depth in the South China Sea and complements its network of artificial islands and military outposts in the region.
• The area also lies close to vital shipping routes through which a significant portion of global trade passes, making it geopolitically sensitive for global powers, including the United States.

Key Issues and Recent Developments

• The central issue revolves around the distinction between legal entitlement and effective control. While international law favors the Philippines, China has maintained de facto control since the 2012 standoff.
• China has increasingly used coast guard vessels and maritime militia—often disguised as fishing boats—to assert dominance. The installation of floating barriers prevents Filipino fishermen from accessing the lagoon, disrupting traditional livelihoods.
• Recent developments, such as declaring the area a “national nature reserve,” are seen as attempts to legitimize long-term control and possibly pave the way for infrastructure development or militarization.
• The situation reflects a pattern where legal rulings are overshadowed by on-ground strategic actions.

Implications for Regional and Global Order

• The Scarborough Shoal dispute has implications far beyond a bilateral territorial issue.
• It tests the credibility of international law, particularly UNCLOS, when major powers disregard arbitration rulings.
• It also raises the risk of military escalation, especially given the US-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty, which could draw the United States into a conflict if Philippine vessels are attacked.
• Economically, the blockade affects coastal communities in the Philippines, particularly in regions like Zambales, by restricting access to traditional fishing grounds.
• At a broader level, the dispute contributes to the militarization of the South China Sea and intensifies great-power competition in the Indo-Pacific region.

Conclusion

Scarborough Shoal exemplifies the complex interplay between geography, international law, and power politics in the South China Sea. While legal frameworks provide clarity on maritime rights, effective control on the ground continues to shape realities. The dispute underscores the limitations of international arbitration in the absence of enforcement mechanisms and highlights the growing strategic contest in the Indo-Pacific.

Prelims MCQ

Q. With reference to Scarborough Shoal, consider the following statements:

1. It is a fully developed island capable of sustaining permanent human habitation.
2. It lies within 200 nautical miles of the Philippines’ coast.
3. The 2016 Permanent Court of Arbitration ruling upheld China’s historical claims.

Select the correct answer:(a) 2 only(b) 1 and 2 only(c) 2 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a)

Mains Question (GS-II: International Relations)

Q.“The Scarborough Shoal dispute highlights the limitations of international law in resolving territorial conflicts in the South China Sea.”

Discuss.

5.Memristor

Why in News?

Scientists at the University of Cambridge have developed a new hafnium-based memristor that mimics brain-like synapses, enabling simultaneous data processing and storage.

What it is?

• A memristor (memory + resistor) is a two-terminal electronic component that regulates electrical current while retaining a memory of past current flow. It is regarded as the fourth fundamental circuit element, alongside resistor, capacitor, and inductor.
• Unlike conventional components, it combines data storage and computation in a single unit, making it highly significant for next-generation computing.

How it Works?

• The working principle of a memristor is based on variable resistance and memory retention.
• Its resistance changes dynamically depending on the voltage applied. When current flows through it, ions inside the material rearrange, altering resistance.
• Even after power is turned off, the device retains its last resistance state, thereby storing information without continuous power (non-volatile behavior).
• The recent Cambridge innovation replaces the older filament-based switching with a p–n junction mechanism, where low-voltage pulses shift ions smoothly.
• This ensures greater predictability, stability, and energy efficiency compared to earlier designs.

Key Features and Characteristics

• Memristors represent a fundamental shift in computing architecture. They mimic biological neural systems by combining memory and processing, unlike traditional computers where memory (RAM) and processor (CPU) are separate.
• They operate at extremely low power levels, requiring significantly less energy than conventional semiconductor devices, making them ideal for energy-efficient computing.
• Their ability to exhibit synaptic plasticity—where connections strengthen or weaken based on signal timing—makes them suitable for brain-like learning systems.
• The use of hafnium oxide, already common in semiconductor manufacturing, ensures compatibility with existing chip fabrication technologies, enhancing scalability and commercialization potential.

Technological Significance

• Memristors are central to the emerging field of Neuromorphic Computing, where computing systems are designed to mimic the structure and functioning of the human brain.
• They eliminate the “von Neumann bottleneck,” where data transfer between memory and processor slows down computation. By integrating both functions, memristors enable faster and more efficient processing.
• This breakthrough is particularly important in the context of Artificial Intelligence, where massive datasets require rapid, parallel, and energy-efficient computation.

Applications

• Memristors have wide-ranging applications across advanced technologies.
• In Artificial Intelligence, they can power neural networks with significantly lower energy consumption.
• In edge computing, they enable devices like smartphones, IoT sensors, and autonomous systems to process data locally without relying heavily on cloud infrastructure.
• They are also expected to revolutionize memory technology by offering faster, denser, and more efficient alternatives to existing storage systems like DRAM and Flash.
• Additionally, they open the possibility of brain-like chips capable of real-time learning, pattern recognition, and adaptive decision-making.

Challenges

• Despite their promise, memristors face certain limitations.
• Ensuring consistent and predictable switching behavior has historically been difficult, though recent innovations have improved this aspect.
• Large-scale commercialization requires further refinement in durability, uniformity, and integration with existing semiconductor ecosystems.
• There are also challenges in designing new computing architectures that can fully utilize memristor capabilities, as current systems are optimized for traditional transistor-based logic.

Conclusion

Memristors represent a paradigm shift in computing, bridging the gap between memory and processing while drawing inspiration from the human brain. The recent breakthrough demonstrates their potential to redefine Artificial Intelligence, energy-efficient computing, and next-generation electronics. As research progresses, memristors could become the foundation of a new computing era that is faster, smarter, and far more efficient.

Prelims MCQ

Q. With reference to memristors, consider the following statements:

1. They are capable of retaining memory even after power is switched off.
2. They combine both data storage and processing functions.
3. They are based on fixed electrical resistance similar to conventional resistors.

Select the correct answer:(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a)

Mains Question (GS-III: Science and Technology)

Q.“Memristors have the potential to revolutionize computing by overcoming the limitations of traditional architectures.”

Discuss with reference to neuromorphic computing and Artificial Intelligence.